What Factors Affect Solar Energy Production?

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Recently, solar panels have become much more efficient and easier to use. This has led to more homeowners and businesses in the UK, USA, and other Western countries adopting solar energy.

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For example, in 2004, solar panels in the UK produced only 4 gigawatt-hours of energy. By 2023, they generated about 15,225 gigawatt-hours. This huge increase is because solar panels have become better and cheaper, making them a great source of green energy.

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This article will explore six important factors that affect how much energy solar panels can produce. Knowing these factors can help you decide if solar panels are for you.

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Let's first clear up a common misconception about solar panels: hotter weather doesn't always mean better performance. Solar panels work best at around 77°F (25°C). When it gets hotter, the efficiency drops.

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This happens because higher temperatures increase electrical resistance in the panels, slowing the current down and reducing the energy output.

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For example, on a hot 35°C (95°F) day, a solar panel might lose about 3.6% of its efficiency. Installers might raise the panels for better airflow or use reflective roofing materials to combat this. Knowing how temperature affects solar panels helps ensure they work efficiently.

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Now that we've covered temperature, discuss 5 other factors influencing solar energy production.

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Below is a list of seven other important factors that affect the amount of energy your solar system will produce. Read these factors closely and consider them before any solar panel installation:

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The placement and orientation of solar panels are crucial for optimal energy production. The direction, or azimuth, in which the panels face greatly impacts their efficiency. South-facing panels are ideal as they capture the most sunlight, followed by west and east-facing panels.

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North-facing roofs are generally not recommended due to lower sunlight exposure, though some north-facing azimuths can still produce sufficient energy but typically yield less.

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To maximise your roof space and energy output, consider both the direction and tilt of your panels. Adjusting tilt based on the sun's position throughout the year ensures maximum efficiency and energy capture.

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Adopting this strategy will help you get the most out of your solar energy system.

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Adjusting the tilt angle of your solar panels is crucial for optimising energy production. The tilt angle affects how well the panels capture sunlight throughout the year.

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A good rule of thumb is to set the tilt angle equal to your site's latitude. For instance, if you live at a latitude of 40°, set your panels at a 40° tilt.

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This optimal angle helps sunlight hit the panels directly, maximising energy output. Additionally, seasonal adjustments can further enhance efficiency.

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Lower the angle by 10-15 degrees in summer and raise it by 10-15 degrees in winter. This can boost energy capture by up to 25%.

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The right tilt angle also helps manage environmental conditions, like reducing snow build-up and minimising dust and dirt.

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Adjusting the tilt angle correctly ensures your panels get the most sunlight and produce the most energy.

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Geographical location significantly impacts solar energy production.

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Due to the Earth's tilted rotation around the sun, areas farther from the equator, such as higher latitudes, receive less solar energy.

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For instance, in the UK, solar systems in southern regions like Cornwall produce more energy than those in northern areas like Scotland because the south has higher solar irradiance levels.

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Weather conditions, like precipitation, pollution, and fog, also affect efficiency. While clouds reduce production, solar panels can still generate energy from indirect sunlight.

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Snow can cover panels, reducing or halting energy output. However, adjusting the tilt angle can help snow slide off more easily, maintaining performance.

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The type and quality of solar panels you choose greatly impact energy production. There are two main types: monocrystalline and polycrystalline.

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Monocrystalline panels are more efficient, from 18% to 24%.

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They are made from a single silicon crystal, which allows better performance in high temperatures and low-light conditions.

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However, they cost more, around £350 per square metre in the UK, or roughly £1 to £1.50 per watt.

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They also have a better temperature coefficient (-0.3% to -0.5% per °C), meaning their efficiency drops less with rising temperatures.

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They usually have a sleek, black appearance.

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Polycrystalline panels are less efficient,  between 13% and 16%.

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They are made from multiple silicon crystals melted together and are more affordable, costing about £280 per square metre in the UK, or roughly £0.90 to £1 per watt.

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They have a higher temperature coefficient (-0.3% to -1% per °C), making them less efficient in high temperatures.

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They also have a blue hue and a less uniform appearance.

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Key Considerations

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Monocrystalline panels are ideal if you have limited roof space and need higher efficiency, despite the higher cost.

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Polycrystalline panels are suitable for those on a budget and with ample roof space, though they require more panels to achieve the same energy output.

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6. The Maintenance of the Solar System

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Regular maintenance is crucial for maximising solar energy production. The more you maintain your solar panels, the more efficiently they will perform.

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Dirt, debris, and bird droppings can accumulate on the panels, reducing their ability to absorb sunlight. Regular cleaning, ideally every 1-3 months depending on local conditions, helps keep them clear and working at their best.

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In most regions, cleaning twice a year is generally sufficient, but areas with high dust or bird activity may require more frequent cleaning.

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Routine inspections are important to identify and fix issues, such as physical damage or shading from nearby trees.

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Monitoring the system’s energy output can help detect potential problems early. If you notice a sudden drop in energy production, it may indicate shading, soiling, or malfunctioning components.

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As solar panels age, their efficiency naturally decreases by about 0.5% yearly.

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However, consistent maintenance can slow this decline, ensuring your system remains as efficient as possible for a longer period.

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Proper maintenance helps mitigate the effects of ageing, ensuring the system continues to operate at its maximum potential.

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